Which of the following are types of reproduction in organisms?

Which type of stimulus is used to achieve parthenogenic development?

The number of taxa exhibiting asexual reproduction is drastically reduced in higher plants (angiosperms) and higher animals (vertebrates) as compared with lower groups of plants and animals. Analyse the possible reasons for this situation.

In a practical test, a student has to identify the organisms in which syngamy does not occur. In those organisms, the female gamete undergoes development to form new organisms without fertilization. This phenomenon is called "$X$". Identify the organisms and the phenomenon "$X$".

The process that preserves genetic information from generation to generation is $P$.
The process that introduces variations in traits is $Q$.
Select the correct option for $P$ and $Q$.
$\quad\quad\quad P\quad\quad Q$

Clones are defined as ......