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(C) The mechanism of $ATP$ synthesis in both chloroplasts (during photophosphorylation) and mitochondria (during oxidative phosphorylation) is explain

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Mitchell's Chemiosmotic Hypothesis

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(C) The mechanism of $ATP$ synthesis in both chloroplasts (during photophosphorylation) and mitochondria (during oxidative phosphorylation) is explained by the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis.This hypothesis was proposed by Peter Mitchell in $1961$.It states that $ATP$ synthesis is linked to the development of a proton gradient across the membranes (thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts and inner mitochondrial membrane in mitochondria).The movement of protons across the membrane through the $F_0-F_1$ ATPase enzyme complex provides the energy required for the phosphorylation of $ADP$ to form $ATP$.

The mechanism of $ATP$ synthesis in both chloroplasts and mitochondria is explained by which of the following?

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