Which of the following is not used in the Southern hybridization technique for chromosomal $DNA$ analysis?

In a bioreactor,through which system can a small volume of culture be withdrawn periodically?

To which charge is a $DNA$ molecule translocated during gel electrophoresis?

Describe briefly the following:
$(a)$ Origin of replication
$(b)$ Bioreactors
$(c)$ Downstream processing

Which of the following methods are collectively referred to as downstream processing?

From the following tools/techniques of genetic engineering,identify those which are required for cloning a bacterial gene in animal cells and choose the correct option:
$I$. Endonuclease $II$. Ligase
$III$. $A. tumefaciens$ $IV$. Microinjection
$V$. Gene gun $VI$. Lysozyme
$VII$. Cellulase $VIII$. Electrophoresis