What did Alexander von Humboldt describe for the first time?

Choose the incorrect sentence$(s)$ regarding latitudinal gradients.
$(I)$ Biodiversity throughout the world shows uneven distribution.
$(II)$ According to latitudinal gradient,there is no major difference in biodiversity.
$(III)$ Species diversity increases as we move away from the equator towards the poles.
$(IV)$ Biodiversity increases as we move from temperate to tropical regions.

Ecologists have discovered that the value of the $Z$ line in a small area is $....P....$ and the value of the $Z$ line in a very large area is $.....Q....$.

What is the significance of the slope of regression in a species-area relationship?

New York at $41^o\, N$ has .......... species and Greenland at $71^o\, N$ has ......... species.

The variety of frugivorous organisms is greater in tropical rain forests compared to temperate regions because of: