$D$-glucose and $L$-glucose are

The structures of cyclic $D$-glucoside are given. Determine the moles of $HIO_4$ consumed by $X$ and $Y$ respectively.

$D$-glucose upon treatment with bromine-water gives:

On the basis of which evidences,$D$-Glucose was assigned the following structure: $CHO-(CHOH)_4-CH_2OH$?

$D$-Mannose $\overset{HO^{-}}{\longleftrightarrow}$ $D$-Glucose $\overset{HO^{-}}{\longleftrightarrow}$ $(A)$.
Product $(A)$ of the above reaction is:

Ribose and $2$-deoxyribose can be differentiated by