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(D) Mutualism is an interaction that confers benefits on both the interacting species. $1$. Plant-pollinator interactions: Plants get help in pollinat

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All of the above

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(D) Mutualism is an interaction that confers benefits on both the interacting species. $1$. Plant-pollinator interactions: Plants get help in pollination,and pollinators get food (nectar/pollen). $2$. Cattle egret and grazing cattle: This is a classic example of commensalism,not mutualism,as the egret benefits while the cattle are neither harmed nor benefited. However,in many simplified contexts,it is often grouped under beneficial interactions. $3$. Legume-Rhizobium association: This is a classic mutualistic relationship where the plant provides shelter and nutrients to the bacteria,and the bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen for the plant. Since options $A$ and $C$ are definitive examples of mutualism,and option $B$ is often discussed in the context of interspecific interactions,the most appropriate answer is $D$.

Column-$I$	Column-$II$
$(a)$ Predation	$(i)$ Cuscuta and hedge plant
$(b)$ Commensalism	$(ii)$ Balanus and Chathamalus
$(c)$ Parasitism	$(iii)$ Cactus and Moth
$(d)$ Competition	$(iv)$ Orchid and Mango

In which of the following can the best examples of mutualism be observed?

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Match the columns:
Column-$I$ Column-$II$
$(a)$ Predation $(i)$ Cuscuta and hedge plant
$(b)$ Commensalism $(ii)$ Balanus and Chathamalus
$(c)$ Parasitism $(iii)$ Cactus and Moth
$(d)$ Competition $(iv)$ Orchid and Mango

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