The components of an ecosystem include ...... | vedclass

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(D) An ecosystem is a functional unit of nature where living organisms interact among themselves and with the surrounding physical environment. The fu

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All of the above

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(D) An ecosystem is a functional unit of nature where living organisms interact among themselves and with the surrounding physical environment. The functional aspects of an ecosystem are: $1$. Productivity: The rate of biomass production. $2$. Decomposition: The breakdown of complex organic matter. $3$. Energy flow: The unidirectional movement of energy through trophic levels. $4$. Nutrient cycling: The movement of nutrients through the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. Since all these processes are fundamental functional components of an ecosystem,the correct answer is $D$.

The components of an ecosystem include .......... .

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