$ATP$ synthesis in chloroplasts and mitochondria is due to a proton gradient across the membrane. Select the correct statements with respect to $ATP$ formation in chloroplasts:
$(a)$ Protons accumulate in the lumen of the thylakoid.
$(b)$ Splitting of water occurs on the inner side of the membrane.
$(c)$ Protons accumulate on the stroma side of the chloroplast.
$(d)$ $NADP$ reductase is located on the stroma side of the membrane.

  • A
    Only $(a)$ and $(b)$ are correct
  • B
    Only $(b)$ and $(c)$ are correct
  • C
    Only $(c)$ and $(d)$ are correct
  • D
    $(a), (b)$ and $(d)$ are correct

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