In an intertidal area,when all starfish were | vedclass

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(C) This experiment was conducted by Robert Paine in the rocky intertidal communities of the American Pacific Coast.He removed all starfish $(Pisaster

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Predation,$20$

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(C) This experiment was conducted by Robert Paine in the rocky intertidal communities of the American Pacific Coast.He removed all starfish $(Pisaster)$ from an enclosed intertidal area.As a result,more than $20$ species of invertebrates became extinct within a year due to interspecific competition.This occurred because the starfish acted as a keystone predator,keeping the population of prey species in check.Therefore,$P$ is Predation and $Q$ is $20$.

Column-$I$	Column-$II$
$(a)$ Parasitism	$(i)$ $++$
$(b)$ Commensalism	$(ii)$ $+-$
$(c)$ Amensalism	$(iii)$ $0+$
$(d)$ Mutualism	$(iv)$ $0-$

In an intertidal area,when all starfish were removed,more than $Q$ species of invertebrates became extinct within a year due to $P$.

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Match the Column-$I$ with Column-$II$:

Column-$I$ Column-$II$

$(a)$ Parasitism $(i)$ $++$

$(b)$ Commensalism $(ii)$ $+-$

$(c)$ Amensalism $(iii)$ $0+$

$(d)$ Mutualism $(iv)$ $0-$

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