$A$ copper rod of length $10 \ cm$ and cross-sectional area $100 \ cm^2$ is to conduct $4000 \ J/s$ of heat. The thermal conductivity of copper is $400 \ W/m \cdot ^\circ C$. The temperature difference between the two ends of the rod must be maintained at ............. $^\circ C$.

$A$ copper pipe of length $10 \,m$ carries steam at temperature $110^{\circ} C$. The outer surface of the pipe is maintained at a temperature $10^{\circ} C$. The inner and outer radii of the pipe are $2 \,cm$ and $4 \,cm$,respectively. The thermal conductivity of copper is $0.38 \,kW / m /^{\circ} C$. In the steady state,the rate at which heat flows radially outward through the pipe is closest to ............. $\,kW$.

The thermal conductivity of a wire is $1.7 \ W \ m^{-1} \ K^{-1}$ and that of cement is $2.9 \ W \ m^{-1} \ K^{-1}$. The thickness of the cement insulation is $..... \ cm$. Here,the thickness of the wire is $20 \ cm$.

Ice formed over lakes has

$A$ heat source at $T_1 = 10^3\, K$ is connected to another heat reservoir at $T_2 = 10^2\, K$ by a copper slab which is $1\, m$ thick. Given that the thermal conductivity of copper is $0.1\, W\, K^{-1}\, m^{-1}$,the energy flux through it in the steady state is ........... $W\, m^{-2}$.

In the figure shown,$AB$ is a rod of length $30 \ cm$,area of cross-section $1 \ cm^2$ and thermal conductivity $336 \ SI$ units. The ends $A$ and $B$ are at constant temperatures $20^{\circ} C$ and $40^{\circ} C$ respectively. $A$ point $C$ of the rod is connected to ice at $0^{\circ} C$ in a thermally insulated box $D$ through a highly conducting wire of negligible heat capacity. The rate at which ice melts in the box is $\left(L_{ice}=80 \ cal \ g^{-1}\right)$.