$HMP$ shunt is an alternative to

Respiration is an energy-releasing and enzymatically controlled catabolic process which involves a step-wise oxidative breakdown of organic substances inside living cells. In this statement about respiration,explain the meaning of $(a)$ Step-wise oxidative breakdown $(b)$ Organic substances (used as substrates).

The Pasteur effect is concerned with the shifting of environmental conditions from

During the germination of seeds and respiration,energy is released,which is manifested in the form of .........

Release of energy by breaking down of $C-C$ bond of various organic molecules by oxidation process for cellular use is known as

Respiration is an ..........