Which scientist proposed the theory of continuity of germplasm?

If there were no evolution,then .....

Given below are two statements regarding evolution.
Statement-$I$: Natural selection is the establishment of a phenotypic trait in changing environmental conditions.
Statement-$II$: Natural selection encourages those genes or traits that ensure highest degree of adaptive efficiency between population and its environment.
In the light of above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

The Darwinian variations are

Identify the phenomenon in which a new set of population is formed from the existing population due to an excessive change in the allele frequency.

Industrial melanism is an example of