How does sapwood transform into heartwood?

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(D) The transformation of sapwood into heartwood involves several physiological and structural changes:$1$. The living cells (parenchyma) in the sapwo

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All of the above

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(D) The transformation of sapwood into heartwood involves several physiological and structural changes:$1$. The living cells (parenchyma) in the sapwood undergo senescence,and their protoplasts decompose.$2$. The xylem vessels become blocked by the formation of tyloses,which are balloon-like outgrowths from adjacent parenchyma cells.$3$. Various organic substances such as resins,oils,gums,tannins,and aromatic compounds are deposited in the older xylem elements,making them dark,hard,and resistant to decay.Therefore,all the mentioned processes contribute to the formation of heartwood.

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