The stroma of the chloroplast in higher plants contains:

The thylakoids are removed and kept in a culture medium containing $CO_2$ and $H_2O$. If the setup is exposed to light,hexose sugars are not formed as the end product. The most appropriate reason for this is that

When a $CO_2$ molecule enters the Calvin cycle,how many molecules of $ATP$ and $NADPH$ are required,respectively?

The methodology,which has been most useful for investigating the Calvin cycle,is

In plants performing photorespiration,atmospheric $CO_2$ is fixed through which of the following?

Provide the full names for the following abbreviations:
$(1)$ $RuBP$
$(2)$ $PGAL$