What is the full form of $FAD$?

In mitochondria,the proton gradient is established in which direction?

In the respiratory process, energy is released and is used to synthesize energy-rich molecules of $ATP$ from $ADP$, thereby storing energy for future use. This process of the production of these molecules in the aerobic phase is known as

......... is required for both respiration and photosynthesis processes.

Which complex of oxidative phosphorylation has two copper centers?

Oxidative phosphorylation is