Which organisms survive in their environment?

The idea of natural selection as the fundamental process of evolutionary change was reached by whom and when?

What is the variation of traits among the members of a species called?

Given below are two statements.
Statement-$I$: Elimination of particular alleles from a population due to natural disasters is called genetic drift.
Statement-$II$: Sudden temporary heritable change in the gene is called point mutation.
In the light of above statements,choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

$A$ major criticism of Darwinism is that it....

Hugo de Vries's experimental organism was