When are characteristic $X$-ray emissions produced?

  • A
    An electron is knocked out from an inner shell of the target atom,and an electron from an outer shell fills the vacancy.
  • B
    Valence electrons are removed from the target atoms as a result of collision.
  • C
    An electron beam is emitted from a source with specific energy.
  • D
    Electrons are accelerated with a constant energy.

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The continuous $X-$ray spectrum produced by an $X-$ray machine at constant voltage has

In an $X$-ray tube, electrons emitted from a filament (cathode) carrying current $I$ hit a target (anode) at a distance $d$ from the cathode. The target is kept at a potential $V$ higher than the cathode, resulting in the emission of continuous and characteristic $X$-rays. If the filament current $I$ is decreased to $I/2$, the potential difference $V$ is increased to $2V$, and the separation distance $d$ is reduced to $d/2$, then:
$(A)$ The cut-off wavelength will reduce to half, and the wavelengths of the characteristic $X$-rays will remain the same.
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