The structure of a solid can be explained by using .......

$(a)$ An $X$-ray tube produces a continuous spectrum of radiation with its short wavelength end at $0.45\,\mathring{A}$. What is the maximum energy of a photon in the radiation?
$(b)$ From your answer to $(a)$,guess what order of accelerating voltage (for electrons) is required in such a tube?

$\Delta \lambda$ is the difference between the wavelength of the $K_\alpha$ line and the minimum wavelength of the continuous $X$-ray spectrum when the $X$-ray tube is operated at a voltage $V$. If the operating voltage is changed to $V / 3$,then the above difference is $\Delta \lambda^{\prime}$. Then:

$X$-rays,when incident on a metal,do which of the following?

$X$-rays of wavelength $\lambda = 1\,\mathring{A}$ have a frequency of:

The binding energy of the innermost electron in tungsten is $40 \, keV$. The energy of the characteristic $X$-rays emitted is: