(D) Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states because the energy difference between the $ns$ and $(n - 1)d$ orbitals is very small. Therefor

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(D) Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states because the energy difference between the $ns$ and $(n - 1)d$ orbitals is very small. Therefore,both $ns$ and $(n - 1)d$ electrons participate in bond formation,allowing these metals to achieve higher oxidation states.