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(D) $1$. Nitration of aromatic compounds is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction where the rate-determining step involves the formation of

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Nitration is an electrophilic substitution reaction.

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(D) $1$. Nitration of aromatic compounds is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction where the rate-determining step involves the formation of the sigma complex (arenium ion).$2$. In the case of benzene and hexadeuterobenzene $(C_6D_6)$,the $C-H$ or $C-D$ bond is not broken in the rate-determining step,so there is no primary kinetic isotope effect. Thus,the rate of nitration is the same.$3$. Toluene contains a methyl group $(-CH_3)$,which is an electron-donating group by inductive and hyperconjugation effects. This increases the electron density on the benzene ring,making it more reactive towards electrophilic substitution compared to benzene.$4$. Therefore,both statements $B$ and $D$ are technically correct in a general context. However,in standard chemistry examinations,if multiple correct statements are present,the most fundamental characteristic is often sought. Given the options,$B$ and $D$ are both correct. If this is a single-choice question,$D$ is the most fundamental definition,while $B$ is a specific comparative observation.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the nitration of aromatic compounds?

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