$A$ horizontal straight conductor kept in the north-south direction falls under gravity, then

$A$ horizontal loop $abcd$ is moved across the pole pieces of a magnet as shown in the figure with a constant speed $v$. When the edge $ab$ of the loop enters the pole pieces at time $t = 0 \text{ s}$,which one of the following graphs correctly represents the induced emf in the coil?

The figure shows a metal rod $PQ$ resting on the smooth rails $AB$ and positioned between the poles of a permanent magnet. The rails,the rod,and the magnetic field are in three mutually perpendicular directions. $A$ galvanometer $G$ connects the rails through a switch $K$. Length of the rod $= 15 \; cm$,$B = 0.50 \; T$,resistance of the closed loop containing the rod $= 9.0 \; m\Omega$. Assume the field to be uniform.
$(a)$ Suppose $K$ is open and the rod is moved with a speed of $12 \; cm \; s^{-1}$ in the direction shown. Give the polarity and magnitude of the induced $emf$.
$(b)$ Is there an excess charge built up at the ends of the rod when $K$ is open? What if $K$ is closed?
$(c)$ With $K$ open and the rod moving uniformly,there is no net force on the electrons in the rod $PQ$ even though they do experience magnetic force due to the motion of the rod. Explain.
$(d)$ What is the retarding force on the rod when $K$ is closed?
$(e)$ How much power is required (by an external agent) to keep the rod moving at the same speed $(= 12 \; cm \; s^{-1})$ when $K$ is closed? How much power is required when $K$ is open?
$(f)$ How much power is dissipated as heat in the closed circuit? What is the source of this power?
$(g)$ What is the induced $emf$ in the moving rod if the magnetic field is parallel to the rails instead of being perpendicular?

$A$ boat is moving due east in a region where the earth's magnetic field is $3.6 \times 10^{-5} \text{ T}$ due north and horizontal. The boat carries a vertical conducting rod $2 \text{ m}$ long. If the speed of the boat is $2.00 \text{ m/s}$, the magnitude of the induced e.m.f. in the rod is: (in $\text{ mV}$)

$A$ conducting circular loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field,$B = 0.025 \, T$,with its plane perpendicular to the field. The radius of the loop is made to shrink at a constant rate of $1 \, mm \, s^{-1}$. The induced $emf$ when the radius is $2 \, cm$ is:

$A$ straight conductor of length $0.4 \ m$ is moving with a speed of $7 \ ms^{-1}$ perpendicular to a magnetic field of intensity $0.9 \ Wb \ m^{-2}$. The induced emf across the conductor will be (in $V$)