$A$ ray of light of frequency $5 \times 10^{14} \,Hz$ is passed through a liquid. The wavelength of light measured inside the liquid is found to be $450 \times 10^{-9} \,m$. Calculate the refractive index of the liquid.

$A$ light ray passes through four transparent media with refractive indices $\mu_1, \mu_2, \mu_3$ and $\mu_4$ as shown in the figure. All surfaces are parallel to each other. If the emergent ray $CD$ is parallel to the incident ray $AB$,then:

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion $(A)$ and the other is labelled as Reason $(R)$.
Assertion $(A)$: Refractive index of glass is higher than that of air.
Reason $(R)$: Optical density of a medium is directly proportionate to its mass density which results in a proportionate refractive index.
In the light of the above statements,choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

The incorrect statement about the refractive index for a pair of media is:

$A$ large square container with thin transparent vertical walls and filled with water (refractive index $\mu = \frac{4}{3}$) is kept on a horizontal table. $A$ student holds a thin straight wire vertically inside the water at a distance of $12 \ cm$ from one of its corners,as shown in the figure. Looking at the wire from this corner,another student sees two images of the wire,located symmetrically on each side of the line of sight. The separation (in $cm$) between these images is:

The $X-Y$ plane is taken as the boundary between two transparent media $M_{1}$ and $M_{2}$. $M_{1}$ in $Z \geq 0$ has a refractive index of $\sqrt{2}$ and $M_{2}$ with $Z < 0$ has a refractive index of $\sqrt{3}$. $A$ ray of light travelling in $M_{1}$ along the direction given by the vector $\overrightarrow{A} = 4\sqrt{3}\hat{i} - 3\sqrt{3}\hat{j} - 5\hat{k}$ is incident on the plane of separation. The value of the difference between the angle of incidence in $M_{1}$ and the angle of refraction in $M_{2}$ will be $....$ degrees.