The approximate amount of water on Earth that is split by photosynthesis once every $2$ million years is:

Consider the following statements regarding photosynthesis:
$(A)$ $ATP$ formation during photosynthesis is termed as photophosphorylation.
$(B)$ Kranz anatomy pertains to leaf.
$(C)$ Reduction of $NADP^+$ to $NADPH$ occurs during Calvin cycle.
$(D)$ In a chlorophyll molecule,magnesium is present in the phytol tail.
Which of the above statements are correct?

Identify the location and function of the following structures in a chloroplast:
$(1)$ Thylakoid
$(2)$ Stroma

Consider the following statements.
$I.$ The portion of the spectrum between $300-500 \;nm$ is also referred to as Photosynthetically Active Radiation $(PAR)$.
$II.$ Magnesium,calcium and chloride ions play prominent roles in the photolysis of water.
$III.$ In cyclic photophosphorylation,oxygen is not released (as there is no photolysis of water) and $NADPH$ is also not produced.

Which of the following plants can show the $CAM$ cycle?

Out of the two statements given here $:-$
$(A) \ C_4$ plants are more effective in productivity as compared to $C_3$ plants.
$(B) \ C_3$ plants show photorespiration at high $CO_2$ concentration.