Atmolysis is a process of

Which gas volume is measured in a sample by using a solution of $CuCl$ in $NH_4OH$ through the measurement of volume change?

$A$ sample of $O_2$ gas is collected over water at $23\,^oC$ at a barometric pressure of $751\, mm\, Hg$ (vapour pressure of water at $23\,^oC$ is $21\, mm\, Hg$). The partial pressure of $O_2$ gas in the sample collected is

Fill in the blanks:
$(1)$ The properties of gases were first measured by ......... .
$(2)$ The dipole-dipole interaction energy between stationary polar molecules is proportional to .......... .
$(3)$ The interaction energy between rotating polar molecules is proportional to .......... .
$(4)$ The bond energy of a hydrogen bond is about ......... $kJ \ mol^{-1}$.

What is the ratio of the rate of diffusion of oxygen $(O_2)$ to hydrogen $(H_2)$?

Arrange the states of matter (solid,liquid,and gas) in increasing order of their thermal energy.