By the presence of a halogen atom in the ring | vedclass

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(B) The basic strength of aniline is determined by the availability of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom for protonation. Halogens (like

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(B) The basic strength of aniline is determined by the availability of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom for protonation. Halogens (like $Cl$,$Br$,$I$) exert an electron-withdrawing effect due to their high electronegativity ($-I$ effect). When a halogen atom is present in the benzene ring,it withdraws electron density from the ring through the inductive effect. This reduces the electron density on the nitrogen atom,making the lone pair less available for donation to a proton. Consequently,the basicity of the substituted aniline decreases compared to aniline.

By the presence of a halogen atom in the ring,the basic properties of aniline are:

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