Copper is present in

In which direction does the proton gradient develop in the chloroplast?

$DCMU$ ($3$-($3$,$4$-dichlorophenyl)$-1,1-$dimethylurea) is a chemical that acts as an inhibitor of photosynthesis. What is its specific mode of action?

Fluorescent chlorophyll '$a$' occurs in

Assertion $(A) : H^+$ gradient across the thylakoid membrane is essential for the formation of $\text{ATP}$.
Reason $(R) :$ Breakdown of $H^+$ gradient due to the movement of protons through $F_0$ of $\text{ATP}$ synthase releases enough energy to activate $\text{ATP}$ synthase enzyme that catalyses the formation of $\text{ATP}$.

Which of the following products of photosynthesis is produced first?