Explain Mendel's concept of heredity, by giving three points.

(N/A) $(i)$ Mendel worked on pea plant $(Pisum \text{ } sativum)$ and discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He found that traits (characteristics) are controlled by factors (which are now called genes) and each factor (gene) comes in pairs. These factors (genes) are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent.
$(ii)$ Mendel studied that genes segregate during the formation of gametes (sperms in males and ova in females) and they again combine in the offspring (one from each parent) and appear as a dominant or recessive trait.
$(iii)$ Mendel proposed three laws, namely:
$(a)$ Law of segregation: Each inherited trait is defined by a pair of genes. Parental genes are randomly separated into the germ cells so that each germ cell contains only one gene of the pair.
$(b)$ Law of independent assortment: Genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another so that the inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of another.
$(c)$ Law of dominance: An organism with alternate forms of a gene will express the form that is dominant.