Give differences between:
$(1)$ Grana and Stroma
$(2)$ $PS-I$ and $PS-II$

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(N/A) $(1)$ Differences between Grana and Stroma:
GranaStroma
$(1)$ It is the membranous system of the chloroplast.$(1)$ It is the fluid-filled matrix of the chloroplast.
$(2)$ It contains pigments like chlorophyll $a$,chlorophyll $b$,carotenoids,and xanthophylls.$(2)$ It contains enzymes required for the biosynthesis of sugars.
$(3)$ Light-dependent reactions take place here.$(3)$ Light-independent (dark) reactions take place here.
$(4)$ $ATP$ and $NADPH$ are synthesized here.$(4)$ $ATP$ and $NADPH$ are consumed here to fix $CO_2$.

$(2)$ Differences between $PS-I$ and $PS-II$:
$PS-I$$PS-II$
$(1)$ The reaction center is $P_{700}$.$(1)$ The reaction center is $P_{680}$.
$(2)$ It absorbs light at wavelengths up to $700 \; nm$.$(2)$ It absorbs light at wavelengths up to $680 \; nm$.
$(3)$ It is involved in both cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation.$(3)$ It is involved only in non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
$(4)$ Electrons released do not necessarily return to the reaction center in non-cyclic flow.$(4)$ Electrons released are replaced by electrons from water photolysis.
$(5)$ Photolysis of water does not occur.$(5)$ Photolysis of water occurs.

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$RuBP$ carboxylase,$PEPcase$,pyruvate dehydrogenase,$ATPase$,cytochrome oxidase,hexokinase,lactate dehydrogenase. Select/choose enzymes from the list above which are involved in $(a)$ Photosynthesis $(b)$ Respiration $(c)$ Both in photosynthesis and respiration.

Match the following columns correctly:
Column-$I$Column-$II$
$(1)$ Cyclic photophosphorylation$(a)$ Only $PS-I$
$(2)$ Non-cyclic photophosphorylation$(b)$ $ATP$ formed
$(3)$ $C_4$ cycle$(c)$ Meristematic tissue
$(d)$ High productivity

$ATP$ is produced during:

$A$: For every $CO_2$ molecule entering the $C_3$ cycle,three molecules of $ATP$ and two molecules of $NADPH$ are required.
$R$: Cyclic photophosphorylation takes place to meet the difference in the number of $ATP$ molecules.

Diffusion, a process that occurs along the concentration gradient, is actively involved in:

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