(D) The number of protons $(p)$ determines the atomic number $(Z)$.Here, $Z = 16$, which corresponds to the element Sulfur $(S)$.The number of electro

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(D) The number of protons $(p)$ determines the atomic number $(Z)$.Here, $Z = 16$, which corresponds to the element Sulfur $(S)$.The number of electrons $(e^-)$ is $18$.The net charge is calculated as: $\text{Charge} = \text{Number of protons} - \text{Number of electrons} = 16 - 18 = -2$.Therefore, the species is $S^{2-}$.