In mammals,the ventilation movements of the l | vedclass

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(D) The ventilation of lungs in mammals is a mechanical process that involves the movement of air into and out of the lungs. This process is primarily

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Costal muscles and diaphragm

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(D) The ventilation of lungs in mammals is a mechanical process that involves the movement of air into and out of the lungs. This process is primarily driven by changes in the volume of the thoracic cavity.These volume changes are brought about by the coordinated contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and the external and internal intercostal muscles (costal muscles) attached to the ribs.The diaphragm,a dome-shaped muscular partition,flattens during contraction to increase the thoracic volume vertically,while the costal muscles move the rib cage upward and outward to increase the thoracic volume in the dorso-ventral and lateral axes.Therefore,both the diaphragm and the costal muscles are essential for pulmonary ventilation.

In mammals,the ventilation movements of the lungs are governed by:

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