In the reaction of gold with aqua regia,the oxidation state of Nitrogen changes from

How do you account for the following observations?
$(a)$ Though alkaline potassium permanganate and acidic potassium permanganate both are used as oxidants,yet in the manufacture of benzoic acid from toluene,we use alcoholic potassium permanganate as an oxidant. Why? Write a balanced redox equation for the reaction.
$(b)$ When concentrated sulphuric acid is added to an inorganic mixture containing chloride,we get a colourless pungent-smelling gas $HCl$,but if the mixture contains bromide,then we get red vapour of bromine. Why?

In neutral or faintly alkaline medium,$MnO_4^{-}$ oxidizes $I^{-}$ to iodate. What is the volume (in $L$) of $0.02 \ M \ KMnO_4$ required to completely convert $1 \ L$ of $0.5 \ M \ KI$ solution to iodate in neutral or faintly alkaline medium?

Light green crystals of ferrous sulphate lose water molecules and turn brown on exposure to air. This is due to its oxidation to:

Assign $A, B, C, D$ from the given type of reaction.
$CuSO_4 + 2KI \longrightarrow CuI \downarrow + \frac{1}{2} I_2 + K_2SO_4$

Assign $A, B, C, D$ from the given type of reaction.
$Ba(NO_3)_2 + Na_2SO_4 \longrightarrow BaSO_4 \downarrow + 2NaNO_3$