In which of the following organic compounds are all effects (i.e.,mesomeric effect,hyperconjugation effect,and inductive effect) present?

Which of the following statements are not correct?
$a$. The energy of resonance hybrid structure is higher than that of the possible canonical structures of the molecule.
$b$. When inductive effect and electromeric effect operate in opposite directions,electromeric effect predominates.
$c$. When the $\pi$ electrons of the multiple bond are transferred to that atom to which the attacking reagent does not get attached,it is known as $+E$ effect.
$d$. The resonance structures with separation of opposite charges are more stable.

What is the inductive effect? Explain it in detail.

Which of the following groups does not show $(-R)$ effect?

Arrange the following compounds in decreasing order of reactivity towards $EAS$ (electrophilic aromatic substitution).

The rate of attack of an electrophile is least when $X$ in the given compound is