Members of the family Crassulaceae perform:

In the Calvin cycle of $C_3$ plants,which molecule acts as the primary $CO_2$ acceptor?

Identify the correct sequence of enzymes given below which participate in the regeneration phase of the Calvin cycle.
$I.$ Ribulose-$5$-phosphate isomerase
$II.$ Ribulose-$5$-phosphate epimerase
$III.$ Transketolase
$IV.$ Triose phosphate isomerase

Provide the full names for the following abbreviations:
$(1)$ $\Pi$
$(2)$ $PGAL$

......... is the first process of the dark reaction.

The thylakoids are removed and kept in a culture medium containing $CO_2$ and $H_2O$. If the setup is exposed to light,hexose sugars are not formed as the end product. The most appropriate reason for this is that