Mutation rates are affected by

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(D) Mutation rates are influenced by various mutagenic factors. $1$. Physical mutagens such as $X$-rays,gamma rays,and beta radiation can cause struct

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All of the above

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(D) Mutation rates are influenced by various mutagenic factors. $1$. Physical mutagens such as $X$-rays,gamma rays,and beta radiation can cause structural changes in $DNA$,thereby increasing the mutation rate. $2$. Environmental factors like temperature can also affect the stability of $DNA$ and the activity of enzymes involved in $DNA$ replication and repair,which in turn influences the rate of mutation. Since all the given options are known to affect mutation rates,the correct answer is $D$.

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