Natural selection directs evolution as it results in adaptations in a given population.

$(a)$ Differentiate between:
$(i)$ Homologous organs and Analogous organs
$(ii)$ Pollination and Fertilisation
$(b)$ What do fossils tell us about the process of evolution?

In dogs, the barking trait is dominant over the silent trait and erect ears are dominant over drooping ears. Now, find out
$(i)$ What is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring when dogs, heterozygous for both the traits are crossed?
$(ii)$ What are different phenotypes observed?
$(iii)$ What is this type of cross known as?

In which animal did the eyes originate first?

Evolution has exhibited a greater stability of molecular structure when compared with morphological structures. Comment on the statement and justify your opinion.

How can the chromosomes be identified?