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(D) Chronic kidney disease $(CKD)$ is characterized by a long-term,progressive loss of kidney function. $A$ key diagnostic feature that distinguishes

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small kidney size

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(D) Chronic kidney disease $(CKD)$ is characterized by a long-term,progressive loss of kidney function. $A$ key diagnostic feature that distinguishes $CKD$ from acute kidney injury $(AKI)$ is the physical size of the kidneys. In $CKD$,the kidneys typically appear shrunken or small on ultrasound due to long-standing fibrosis and scarring. In contrast,$AKI$ often presents with kidneys that are normal in size or even enlarged due to acute inflammation or edema.

Column-$I$ (Type of kidney stones)	Column-$II$ (Cause)
$A$. Calcium stones	$I$. Genetic disorder
$B$. Struvite stones	$II$. Calcium oxalates
$C$. Uric acid stones	$III$. Formed in response to infection by urea splitting bacteria
$D$. Cystine stones	$IV$. High protein diet

One of the factors which may help to differentiate chronic kidney disease from acute kidney injury is . . . . . . .

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