Permanent hardness of water can be removed by

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(D) Sodium hexametaphosphate $(Na_{6}P_{6}O_{18})$,commercially known as $Calgon$,is used to remove permanent hardness of water. It works by sequester

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treatment with sodium hexametaphosphate $(Na_{6}P_{6}O_{18})$

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(D) Sodium hexametaphosphate $(Na_{6}P_{6}O_{18})$,commercially known as $Calgon$,is used to remove permanent hardness of water. It works by sequestering $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ ions into a soluble complex,preventing them from forming precipitates. The reaction is: $Na_{6}P_{6}O_{18} \longrightarrow 2Na^{+} + Na_{4}P_{6}O_{18}^{2-}$ $Ca^{2+} + Na_{4}P_{6}O_{18}^{2-} \longrightarrow 2Na^{+} + CaNa_{2}P_{6}O_{18}^{2-}$

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