Primary producer of an ecosystem is

What is the percentage of photosynthetically active radiation $(PAR)$ in the incident solar radiation?

Sometimes,due to biotic or abiotic factors,the climax community remains in a particular seral stage (pre-climax) without reaching the final climax. Do you agree with this statement? If yes,provide a suitable example.

Both hydrarch and xerarch successions lead to

In which of the following are plants arranged in vertical layers based on their height?

In the hydrosere,the reed-swamp stage is followed by: