Identify the reactant $x$ in the following chemical reaction:
$Phenol + (x) \xrightarrow[(2) H^+]{(1) NaOH} Salicylaldehyde$

Given below are two statements:
Statement $I$: Phenol on treatment with $CHCl_3 / aq. KOH$ under refluxing condition, followed by acidification produces $p$-hydroxybenzaldehyde as the major product and $o$-hydroxybenzaldehyde as the minor product.
Statement $II$: The mixture of $p$-hydroxybenzaldehyde and $o$-hydroxybenzaldehyde can be easily separated through steam distillation.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

How can phenol and cyclohexanol be distinguished?

What is the name of the following reaction?

$A$ compound '$X$' when treated with phthalic anhydride in the presence of concentrated $H_2SO_4$ yields '$Y$'. '$Y$' is used as an acid/base indicator. '$X$' and '$Y$' are respectively:

The compound that does $NOT$ liberate $CO_2$ on treatment with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution is: