Some meta-directing substituents in aromatic | vedclass

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(B) The deactivating strength of a substituent depends on its electron-withdrawing power through inductive $(-I)$ and mesomeric $(-M)$ effects.Among t

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$-NO_2$

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(B) The deactivating strength of a substituent depends on its electron-withdrawing power through inductive $(-I)$ and mesomeric $(-M)$ effects.Among the given groups,the $-NO_2$ group exerts the strongest electron-withdrawing effect due to both a strong $-I$ effect and a strong $-M$ effect,making it the most deactivating group towards electrophilic aromatic substitution.

Some $meta$-directing substituents in aromatic substitution are given. Which one is most deactivating?

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