Stratification occurs in

Distinguish between primary succession and secondary succession based on the following examples:
$I-$ Abandoned farmland
$II-$ Burned or cut forests
$III-$ Newly cooled lava
$IV -$ Bare rock
$V -$ Flooded lands
$VI -$ Newly created pond or reservoir
Identify the correct grouping for primary succession and secondary succession respectively.

Which one of the following contains very low concentrations of dissolved inorganic nutrients for algal growth?

The reservoir pool for gaseous cycles of matter is

The climax community is ultimately determined by which of the following?

The primary producers of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystem are