The average density of Earth's crust $10 \ km$ beneath the surface is $2.7 \ g/cm^3$. The speed of longitudinal seismic waves at that depth is $5.4 \ km/s$. The bulk modulus of Earth's crust,considering its behavior as a fluid at that depth,is:

Compute the bulk modulus of water from the following data: Initial volume $= 100.0 \; L$,Pressure increase $= 100.0 \; atm$ $(1 \; atm = 1.013 \times 10^{5} \; Pa)$,Final volume $= 100.5 \; L$. Compare the bulk modulus of water with that of air (at constant temperature). Explain in simple terms why the ratio is so large.

$A$ cubical solid aluminium (bulk modulus $B = -V \frac{dP}{dV} = 70 \text{ GPa}$) block has an edge length of $1 \text{ m}$ on the surface of the earth. It is kept on the floor of a $5 \text{ km}$ deep ocean. Taking the average density of water $\rho = 10^3 \text{ kg m}^{-3}$ and the acceleration due to gravity $g = 10 \text{ m s}^{-2}$,the change in the edge length of the block in $\text{mm}$ is . . . . .

The average depth of the Indian Ocean is about $3000\; m$. Calculate the fractional compression,$\Delta V / V,$ of water at the bottom of the ocean,given that the bulk modulus of water is $2.2 \times 10^{9}\; N m^{-2}$. (Take $g = 10\; m s^{-2}$)

The volume of a material reduces by $2 \%$ when the pressure is increased from $1 \text{ atm}$ to $2 \text{ atm}$. What is its bulk modulus?

How much pressure (in atm) is needed to compress a sample of water by $0.4 \%$ (in $\text{ atm}$)? (Assume, Bulk modulus of water $\approx 2.0 \times 10^9 \text{ Pa}$)