The binding energy of a nucleon in a nucleus is of the order of a few

Given below are two statements. One is labelled as Assertion $(A)$ and the other is labelled as Reason $(R)$.
Assertion $(A) :$ The binding energy per nucleon is found to be practically independent of the atomic number $A$,for nuclei with mass numbers between $30$ and $170$.
Reason $(R) :$ Nuclear force is long range.
In the light of the above statements,choose the correct answer from the options given below $:$

The energy equivalent of $1 \,g$ of substance is:

The rest mass of the deuteron,${}_1^2H$,is equivalent to an energy of $1876 \, MeV$. The rest mass of a proton is equivalent to $939 \, MeV$ and that of a neutron is $940 \, MeV$. $A$ deuteron may disintegrate into a proton and a neutron if it:

Explain the following forms and principles of energy:
$(a)$ The Equivalence of Mass and Energy
$(b)$ Nuclear Energy
$(c)$ The Principle of Conservation of Energy

If $M$ is the atomic mass and $A$ is the mass number,the packing fraction is given by