The following graph depicts changes in two populations ($A$ and $B$) of herbivores in a grassy field. $A$ possible reason for these changes is that

  • A
    population $A$ produced more offspring than population $B$
  • B
    population $A$ consumed the members of population $B$
  • C
    both plant populations in this habitat decreased
  • D
    population $B$ competed more successfully for food than population $A$

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Match the pairs of partners showing interspecific interaction from Column-$I$ and Column-$II$:
Column-$I$ Column-$II$
$a$. Sea anemone $i$. Cyanobacteria
$b$. Plant $ii$. Man
$c$. Plasmodium $iii$. Herbivore
$d$. Fungi $iv$. Clown fish

Sometimes parasites themselves are parasitised by other organisms. Such parasites are known as:

Statement-$I$: In the absence of predators,prey species population can decline and cause ecosystem instability.
Statement-$II$: Predators are prudent in nature and overexploit their prey.

Select the correct option for the following organisms:
$I -$ Copepods,$II -$ Liver fluke,$III -$ Lice,$IV -$ Ticks,$V -$ Ascaris,$VI -$ Cuscuta
Ectoparasites $\quad\quad$ Endoparasites

In a humid climate,the presence of spines in shrubs is primarily:

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