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(C) The transition of vertebrates from water to land required adaptations to prevent desiccation and ensure successful reproduction without an aquatic

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Shelled eggs and internal fertilization

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(C) The transition of vertebrates from water to land required adaptations to prevent desiccation and ensure successful reproduction without an aquatic environment. $1$. The development of internal fertilization allowed gametes to meet within the female body,protecting them from the external environment. $2$. The evolution of the amniotic egg (shelled egg) provided a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo,preventing it from drying out on land. These two adaptations together allowed reptiles to colonize terrestrial habitats completely,making them independent of water for their life cycle.

Column $I$	Column $II$
$1$. August Weismann	$a$. Theory of origin of species
$2$. Hugo de Vries	$b$. Theory of chemical evolution
$3$. Charles Darwin	$c$. Theory of continuity of germplasm
$4$. Oparin and Haldane	$d$. Mutation theory

The greatest evolutionary change enabling land vertebrates to be completely free from water was the development of

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