The half-life period of a radioactive element is $10$ days. How long does it take for $90\%$ of a given mass of this element to disintegrate?

$A$ radioactive substance has a half-life of $60\, minutes$. After $3\, hours$,the fraction of atoms that have decayed would be ......... $\%$

The activity of a radioactive element decreases to one-third of its original activity $R_0$ in $9$ years. After a further $9$ years,its activity will be

If the measurement errors in all the independent quantities are known,then it is possible to determine the error in any dependent quantity. This is done by the use of series expansion and truncating the expansion at the first power of the error. For example,consider the relation $z = x / y$. If the errors in $x, y$ and $z$ are $\Delta x, \Delta y$ and $\Delta z$,respectively,then $z \pm \Delta z = \frac{x \pm \Delta x}{y \pm \Delta y} = \frac{x}{y}(1 \pm \frac{\Delta x}{x})(1 \pm \frac{\Delta y}{y})^{-1}$. The series expansion for $(1 \pm \frac{\Delta y}{y})^{-1}$,to first power in $\Delta y / y$,is $1 \mp(\Delta y / y)$. The relative errors in independent variables are always added. So the error in $z$ will be $\Delta z = z(\frac{\Delta x}{x} + \frac{\Delta y}{y})$. The above derivation makes the assumption that $\Delta x / x \ll 1, \Delta y / y \ll 1$. Therefore,the higher powers of these quantities are neglected.
$(1)$ Consider the ratio $r = \frac{(1-a)}{(1+a)}$ to be determined by measuring a dimensionless quantity $a$. If the error in the measurement of $a$ is $\Delta a$ $(\Delta a / a \ll 1)$,then what is the error $\Delta r$?
$(2)$ In an experiment,the initial number of radioactive nuclei is $3000$. It is found that $1000 \pm 40$ nuclei decayed in the first $1.0 \ s$. For $|x| \ll 1$,$\ln(1+x) \approx x$ up to the first power in $x$. The error $\Delta \lambda$,in the determination of the decay constant $\lambda$,in $s^{-1}$,is:

${ }^{131} I$ is an isotope of Iodine that $\beta$ decays to an isotope of Xenon with a half-life of $8$ days. $A$ small amount of a serum labelled with ${ }^{131} I$ is injected into the blood of a person. The activity of the amount of ${ }^{131} I$ injected was $2.4 \times 10^5 \text{ Bq}$. It is known that the injected serum will get distributed uniformly in the blood stream in less than half an hour. After $11.5$ hours,$2.5 \text{ ml}$ of blood is drawn from the person's body,and gives an activity of $115 \text{ Bq}$. The total volume of blood in the person's body,in liters,is approximately (you may use $e^{x} \approx 1+x$ for $|x| \ll 1$ and $\ln 2 \approx 0.7$):

$A$ small quantity of solution containing $Na^{24}$ radionuclide of activity $1 \, \mu Ci$ is injected into the blood of a person. $A$ sample of the blood of volume $1 \, cm^3$ taken after $5 \, hours$ shows an activity of $296$ disintegrations per minute. What will be the total volume of the blood in the body of the person? Assume that the radioactive solution mixes uniformly in the blood of the person: ............ $L$ (Take $1 \, Ci = 3.7 \times 10^{10}$ disintegrations per second and $e^{-\lambda t} = 0.7927$; where $\lambda$ is the disintegration constant).