The protein angiotensinogen is secreted by:

Select the correct option with respect to the following statements:
$(a)$ Angiotensin $II$ constricts arterioles in the kidney to reduce blood flow and decreases blood pressure when blood flow to the afferent arteriole decreases.
$(b)$ Angiotensin $II$ stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone for more absorption of $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ ions in the $DCT$.
$(c)$ Blood osmolarity varies with the secretion of aldosterone and $ANP$.

Urine output is reduced by

The Renin-Angiotensin system is primarily responsible for:

An excessive loss of fluid from the body can activate osmoreceptors which stimulate the hypothalamus to release .............. from the neurohypophysis.

The permeability of the wall of the collecting tubules is regulated by: