The voltage applied across an $X$-ray tube is nearly......$V$.

The wavelength of $X-$rays is of the order of

The $K_{\alpha}$ wavelength emitted by an atom of atomic number $Z = 11$ is $\lambda$. Find the atomic number for an atom that emits $K_{\alpha}$ radiation with wavelength $4\lambda$.

Penetrating power of $X-$rays can be increased by

Penetrating power of $X-$rays does not depend on

The binding energy of the innermost electron in tungsten is $40 \, keV$. The energy of the characteristic $X$-rays emitted is: