There is more competition for survival between:

Match the pairs of partners showing interspecific interaction from Column-$I$ and Column-$II$:

Column-$I$	Column-$II$
$a$. Sea anemone	$i$. Cyanobacteria
$b$. Plant	$ii$. Man
$c$. Plasmodium	$iii$. Herbivore
$d$. Fungi	$iv$. Clown fish

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion $A$ and the other is labelled as Reason $R$.
Assertion $A$: Abingdon tortoise in Galapagos islands became extinct within a decade after goats were introduced.
Reason $R$: Goats were more efficient at browsing than Abingdon tortoise.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

$A$ cuckoo laying eggs in the nest of other species of birds,is an example of

Moderate grazing in grasslands by herbivores is a/an .....

Brood parasitism is observed in which of the following?