Two spheres $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$ have radii $R$ and $3R$ and temperatures $T$ and $T/3$ respectively. If they are coated with a material of the same emissivity, and the rate of radiation of $S_{1}$ is $E$, then the rate of radiation of $S_{2}$ is:

According to Stefan's law of radiation,a black body radiates energy $\sigma T^4$ from its unit surface area every second,where $T$ is the surface temperature of the black body and $\sigma = 5.67 \times 10^{-8} \, W m^{-2} K^{-4}$ is known as Stefan's constant. $A$ nuclear weapon may be thought of as a ball of radius $0.5 \, m$. When detonated,it reaches a temperature of $10^6 \, K$ and can be treated as a black body.
$(a)$ Estimate the power it radiates.
$(b)$ If the surroundings have water at $30 \, ^\circ C$,how much water can $10 \%$ of the energy produced evaporate in $1 \, s$? $[S_W = 4186 \, J kg^{-1} K^{-1}$ and $L_v = 22.6 \times 10^5 \, J kg^{-1}]$
$(c)$ If all this energy $U$ is in the form of radiation,the corresponding momentum is $p = U/c$. How much momentum per unit time does it impart on a unit area at a distance of $1 \, km$?

If the temperature of a black body is increased from $27^{\circ}C$ to $327^{\circ}C$,the radiation emitted increases by a factor of:

The operating temperature and emissivity of a tungsten filament are $2000 \ K$ and $0.3$,respectively. The surface area of the filament is $A \ cm^2$. If the power of the lamp is $25 \ W$,find $A$. (Given: $\sigma = 5.67 \times 10^{-8} \ W/m^2K^4$)

The temperature of a black body is increased by $50 \%$. The percentage increase in the rate of radiation by the body is approximately: (in $\%$)

$A$ small object is placed at the center of a large evacuated hollow spherical container. Assume that the container is maintained at $0 \ K$. At time $t = 0$,the temperature of the object is $200 \ K$. The temperature of the object becomes $100 \ K$ at $t = t_1$ and $50 \ K$ at $t = t_2$. Assume the object and the container to be ideal black bodies. The heat capacity of the object does not depend on temperature. The ratio $(t_2 / t_1)$ is: